Which condition is characterized by swelling due to abnormal fluid accumulation?

The condition characterized by swelling due to abnormal fluid accumulation is edema. This occurs when excess fluid builds up in the tissues of the body, leading to observable swelling in various areas, such as the legs, feet, or abdomen. Edema can result from a variety of factors, including inflammation, heart failure, kidney issues, or venous insufficiency, among others.

In this context, the other options refer to different conditions. Discoloration pertains to a change in color of the skin or tissue, which can be caused by various factors, including bruising or blood flow changes. Ecchymosis specifically refers to a larger area of bruising or discoloration resulting from bleeding under the skin. Desquamation is the process of shedding or peeling off of the outer layer of skin cells. Each of these terms describes a different physiological phenomenon, making edema the correct choice when discussing swelling due to fluid accumulation.